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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL It will list all content that is classified with either tid 4 or 6 or any of their direct children, which includes tid 5. Returning a Page or a Feed Each of the resulting lists in the previous examples can be returned as a page, which is the default and what you ve seen so far, or returned as an RSS feed. All that is needed is an extra segment on the end of the path that specifies feed or page. Here is the full syntax for taxonomy queries: taxonomy/term/tids/depth/{page | feed} taxonomy/term/1/0/page taxonomy/term/1/0/feed taxonomy/term/4+6/1/page taxonomy/term/4+6/1/feed Note that you need to use the full syntax, including the depth segment, if you re asking for an RSS feed. Clearly there is much power to be unleashed by using Drupal s categories in creative ways. There are few, if any, comparable systems available, and this feature alone sets Drupal apart from most projects working in the PHP/CMS space. Summary This chapter covered the basic configuration possibilities for a new Drupal installation. You have seen how to enable modules, control the placement of blocks, administer user permissions, and set up categories. You have been introduced to Drupal themes and some of the configuration options you have for customizing them. Many of these tasks will be revisited as more modules and content types are enabled. Modules can define their own blocks, user permissions, and settings, so every module that you enable will usually require some adjustment to some or all of these areas. Here s a review of how to access each of the areas described in this chapter: Area Path Site settings admin/settings User registration and e-mail settings admin/settings/user User creation admin/user/create Account rules admin/access/rules Enabling and disabling modules admin/modules Block administration admin/block Comment configuration admin/comment/configure Input formats admin/filters Content overview admin/node Theme selection admin/themes Category configuration admin/taxonomy
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL Using the AND and OR Operators The simple syntax used in the previous example can be enhanced by asking for more than one term. If you want to see a list of all the content that is classified with both tids 4 and 5, here is what the path would look like: taxonomy/term/4,5 Notice that the comma (,) is used to separate the two tids. The comma functions as the AND operator; only content with classified with tid 4 AND tid 5 will be shown. If you would like to see content with tid 4 OR tid 5, use the plus (+) operator instead: taxonomy/term/4+5 The list of terms can be arbitrarily long, but only one of the two operators should be used; don t mix the AND operator with the OR operator: taxonomy/term/4,6,7,14,33 taxonomy/term/5+3+2+56+122 Indicating Depth If your taxonomy vocabulary represents a hierarchy, you can construct paths to return just a segment of the hierarchy. Consider the following hierarchy: term 1 term 2 term 3 term 4 term 5 term 6 You already know what the path should look like to get a list of content for tid 1: taxonomy/term/1 This is a shorthand for the longer syntax that follows this form: taxonomy/term/tid/depth Depth is the number of levels in the hierarchy below the tid that should be returned, and it defaults to zero (0). So these two paths are equivalent: taxonomy/term/1 taxonomy/term/1/0 Now watch what happens when you ask for a depth of 1: taxonomy/term/1/1 You now get a list that includes content categorized with tids 1, 2, and 6, as these are the direct children of tid 1. Increase the depth to 2, and the list will grow to include tids 3 and 4. A depth of 3 or greater will produce the entire hierarchy. Can you predict which terms this path will produce? taxonomy/term/4+6/1
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL or ORoperators to combine terms, and it allows you to specify a depth so that you can obtain an entire hierarchy of terms. Note A URL is a complete address that includes the protocol (HTTP), your domain, and depending on whether you have clean URLs enabled, the ?q= parameter. The path, on the other hand, is the value for the q parameter. So if the URL is http://www.yoursite.com/?q=taxonomy/term/2, the path is taxonomy/ term/2. With clean URLs enabled, the URL would be http://www.yoursite.com/taxonomy/term/2, and the path would be the same. Finding Term IDs The first thing that you need in order to query the taxonomy (category) system is the ID number of the term(s) you are interested in. You ll need to do some sleuthing to find this, but it is not hard to do. Select administer . categories . edit terms to go to the edit page of a vocabulary. There you will see a list of terms as well as an Edit link for each one. The Edit link provides the important clue that you are seeking. Hover your cursor over the link, and the URL to the link will appear in the status bar at the bottom of your browser window (if it doesn t, click the link and it will appear in the navigation bar at the top of your browser window). It should look something like this: http://www.yoursite.com/admin/taxonomy/edit/term/4?destination=admin%2Ftaxonomy%2F2 The pertinent part of this URL is the term/4 segment in the middle. That tells you that you are looking at term number 4. Note The technical term for category in Drupal-speak is taxonomy. The Taxonomy module is responsible for Drupal s category functionality, and the Drupal paths that you will be building to query your site will all start with the word taxonomy. Therefore, this section refers to categories using the technical term, taxonomies. The term ID (tid) is essential information when building URL-based taxonomy queries, so having an easy way to find them is essential. If you are able to look into your database, you can open the term_data table and use it as a reference. The tid column contains the number you are looking for, and you can see the term s name in the name column. Once you have a term number in hand, you can build a simple path to view all of the content that is tagged or categorized with that term. The form of the path is taxonomy/term/tid, where tidis the term ID number. Here is an example using the tid 4 with clean URLs: http://www.yoursite.com/taxonomy/term/4 And here is an example without clean URLs: http://www.yoursite.com/?q=taxonomy/term/4
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL Tip The Tagadelic module (http://drupal.org/project/tagadelic) shows free tagging tags in the style made famous by Flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/), with each tag s size adjusted to the number of posts associated with it. Hierarchy: If your terms are to appear in a flat list, then the Hierarchy field should be Disabled. If child terms should have only one parent, choose Single. Single represents a one-to-many relationship between a parent and its children. If terms should be able to have multiple parents, choose Multiple. This represents a many-to-many relationship between parents and children (child terms can have many parents). Multiple select: This allows you to assign more than one term to content. This is useful if you want the content to appear in more than one category list. Free tagging categories are always multiple select and will take care of this detail for you. Required: If the vocabulary is set as Required, users will be forced to select at least one term from it when they create content. The option will disappear from vocabulary selection boxes on the content creation forms. Weight: This determines the order in which vocabularies are listed on the admin/taxonomy page, as well as the order in which they are presented in the content creation forms. As is customary, larger numbers move toward the bottom and smaller numbers go toward the top. Now your vocabulary has been created and configured. If it is a free tagging vocabulary, your work is finished, as users and content creators will provide the actual terms, or tags. For other vocabularies, the next step is to make the list of terms and, if appropriate, determine the hierarchy. Adding Terms To see an overview of a vocabulary s terms, select administer . categories . edit terms for the appropriate vocabulary. Alongside the list of existing terms is an Add Term tab, which brings you to the page for adding terms. The important fields here are Name and Parents. The name is what the user will be presented with in the selection box when choosing categories, and the Parents setting determines the hierarchy of the terms within the vocabulary. The Description and Synonyms fields are virtually unused by core modules and can be left blank most of the time. The Weight setting controls the placement of the term in the list of terms belonging to that vocabulary. When you click Submit to create a new term, you will be returned to the page for adding terms, to facilitate adding many terms quickly and easily. Leveraging Categories with Custom URLs Drupal offers a very special tool for querying content based on categories using the URL or Drupal path. It enables you to construct a path to get a list of content in one or more categories and display the list either as a normal page or as an RSS feed. It allows for Boolean AND
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL Configuring Categories You configure categories by selecting administer . categories (admin/taxonomy). This involves adding vocabularies, and you also may add terms. Adding a Vocabulary The first step to configuring categories is to add a vocabulary, from the admin/taxonomy/add/ vocabulary page. The following settings appear on this page: Vocabulary name: This name will be used to identify the vocabulary on the administration page and will also show up as the label for categories form on content creation pages. Description: This text is used by only a few modules and plays no role in the normal use case for categories. You can safely leave this field blank unless instructed otherwise by a particular module. Help text: This will be shown to users when they categorize their posts. Use it to clarify how you expect the categories to be applied. Types: This is a list of content types. Check each one that should be categorized with this vocabulary. Related terms: Checking this turns on functionality that allows you to specify weak relationships between terms that are somehow related. It adds another form to the term-editing form. The new form allows you to specify one or more existing terms, which are then considered to be related. This would be helpful if you were using taxonomy to build a glossary, for example. There you could have a term Website and indicate that Homepage is a related term. Then the glossary entry for Website would have the annotation See also: Homepage. Related terms are useful only if a module, such as the Glossary module, makes specific use of them. For the most typical case, node categorization, you will not need them. Tip The Glossary module (http://drupal.org/project/glossary) builds a category-based glossary on your web site to help visitors quickly find the definitions for technical terms or jargon that might appear in your content. It makes use of the related terms functionality of the category system. Free tagging: Sites like del.icio.us (http://del.icio.us/) and Flickr (http://www.flickr.com/) have championed the use of free tagging for categorizing content. Instead of the site administrator creating a set of terms and expecting the users to choose one or more of them as they apply, the users themselves can create the terms as a list of words that apply, thus the name free tagging. Drupal offers free tagging as an option as well. By checking the Free Tagging check box on the edit vocabulary page, you give the users of the site control over the terms in the vocabulary; they will create the terms every time they create content. Instead of being presented with a drop-down selection box for the categories, as is the case with normal vocabularies, the users will have a text field into which they can type a list of their tags, separated by commas.
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL Drupal calls it a single hierarchy. A multiple hierarchy exists when terms can have multiple parents, as illustrated in Figure 2-6. Figure 2-6. Multiple hierarchy example This flexibility allows you to model very complex relationships within a vocabulary. To add to the possibilities, you can create many different vocabularies, and each content type can have more than one vocabulary assigned to it. This allows you to not only categorize your content, but to categorize it in different ways or realms. The hierarchy in Figure 2-7 could be replaced, for example, with two vocabularies: News Area and News Topic. Figure 2-7. Multiple vocabularies example Using these two vocabularies, you could provide very detailed information about every story (or any other content) that you write. Your site could then easily be organized into sections like International News, Regional News, and Local News, each with the subsections Politics, Business, and Travel. Drupal is also capable of listing the content in different categories or combinations of categories based on the information it receives in the URL. This means you can easily make custom sections that display local news about politics simply by entering the correct URL. Category listings even complex listings built from two or more terms have their own RSS feeds, so visitors to your site can easily subscribe to the various categories or channels with their feed reader, without requiring you to program anything. Finally, there are many Drupal modules that use the category system for a wide variety of tasks, such as creating the structure of forums or image galleries, making site navigation menus, providing access control to content, and changing the theme to style different sections of your site differently. As you can see, the category system adds whole new dimensions to what your site can achieve.
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL Using Categories One of Drupal s hottest features is its outstanding support for classification of content through the application of categories. Categories are sometimes referred to as taxonomies, a slightly more technical term that means basically the same thing. You need to have the Taxonomy module enabled in order to use categories. Note Categories require the Taxonomy module to be enabled. Understanding Vocabularies and Terms Drupal divides the task of categorization into two general concepts: vocabularies and terms. A vocabulary represents a general concept and is collection of words or phrases that are all dif ferent ways of describing the same thing. A term is a word or phrase providing a concrete example of the vocabulary s general concept. For example, if Animals were a vocabulary, dog, bird, fish, and cow would all be terms in it. If you were trying to categorize the news, you might use terms like International, State, and Local to describe the different types of news. In Drupal, that structure would be represented with a vocabulary News that has three terms: News International State Local Vocabularies can be assigned to different content types. This allows you to categorize every post of that type using the terms in the vocabulary. If you were to assign the News vocabulary to story types, every time you created a new story, you would have the choice of categorizing it as International, State, or Local. When the content is viewed, Drupal displays category links indicating how the content has been categorized and leading to pages that show other content in the same category. These features alone make categories a great tool for organizing the content on your web site. They allow visitors to get to all of the posts that have been made within a certain category and give content creators an opportunity to classify the content they are creating. The category system is capable of much more, however. The hierarchy of a vocabulary is not limited to a simple list of terms. For example, you could expand the International term of the News taxonomy to have subcategories as well: News International Politics Business Travel Here, the International term has three subterms: Politics, Business, and Travel. In this case, those three terms have International as a parent. If each term can have only one parent,
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL Primary and Secondary Links Under the Global Settings heading are two fields, Primary Links and Secondary Links, which you can use to create a set of links that can then be displayed on your site. While this isn t the only way to create navigation links, it is a practical and quick way to get the job done. Primary and secondary links can be set only at the global level, not for individual themes. A primary or secondary link consists of three pieces of information that you enter in the three columns of the table provided: Link Text, URL, and Description. The link text is the part of the link that is visible. The URL can be either an absolute URL (beginning with http://) or a Drupal path. Absolute URLs are used to link to other sites or resources on your server out side Drupal, whereas any resource inside Drupal (such as your blogs, forums, pages, or recent posts) are represented by a Drupal path. The description will be used for the title parameter of the resulting tag, or hyperlink, which will be created. Here are some examples of pri mary and secondary links: Link Text URL (Type) Description Resulting HTML Forums forum (Drupal path) Discussion forums Forums Recent posts tracker (Drupal path) The most recent posts Recent posts Yahoo! http://www.yahoo.com A portal to everything Yahoo! Display Post Information Post information includes the username and date of publication for any given node. By checking the various node types listed, you decide whether this information is displayed. You would probably opt to show post information on a site where many users are submitting content. You would likely want to hide the post information on a homepage or corporate site where there is either a single author or all the information is speaking for a single entity. This can be configured only at the global level, not for individual themes. Toggle Display Other settings that you can turn on or off include Site Name, Site Slogan, and Mission Statement. These are all text that you configured on the general site settings page (admin/settings). Then there are the primary and secondary links that you created on the theme configuration global settings page (admin/themes/settings). Enabling the User Pictures in Posts option or the User Pictures in Comments option controls whether user pictures or avatars are displayed in posts or comments. These fields will be disabled unless you first enable picture support from the admin/settings/userpage. Finally, if you have the Search module enabled, you can toggle the search box with the Search Box setting. You can set the toggle display settings globally or individually for each installed theme.
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL Enabling Themes Drupal includes four themes in its core distribution. As the administrator, you can decide which theme to use as a default for the site. Select administer . themes (admin/themes) to see a list of all the available themes. Changing the theme selected as the default and saving the configuration will change the look of your site. Try it out! You can test each of the available themes and decide which theme suits your needs best. If more than one theme is enabled, registered users will have the choice of which theme they would like to use when visiting your site. They can make this choice from their user account page. A possible application of this feature might include making different versions of your site available for different needs: low-bandwidth version, text-only version, Flash version, and so on. It is also quite handy if you are a web designer and want to show your client how a site might look with different designs and styles. Choosing Theme Settings To set various configuration settings for all of your themes at the global level, select administer . themes and click the Configure tab (admin/themes/settings). This page also lists links to the theme-specific settings pages for the individual themes. In general, settings at the individual theme level will override those at the global level. Logo The first group of options on any theme configuration page is labeled Logo Image Settings. You can either use the custom logo, if you are particularly thrilled with Drupal s little blue alien in a drop of water, or you can make and use your own logo. You can add your logo to a site in two ways. The first way is to upload your logo to the server using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or Secure Copy Protocol (SCP) and enter its path into the Path field for the Custom Logo option. In this case, make sure to uncheck the Use the Default Logo option. The second option is to use the Upload Logo Image field and the Save Configuration button to send a logo to the server via HTTP upload. Note You will be able to upload a logo image using the Upload Logo Image field only if you have correctly configured the file system path where the image is to be stored. See the File System Settings section earlier in this chapter for details. Shortcut Icon Settings A shortcut (favicon.ico) icon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon) is a 16 .16 image that is sent to the browser for use in the address bar and tabs to help identify the site. Drupal aids you in customizing this often-overlooked detail for your site, even for each theme. You have the same options as with the custom logo: you can either place the icon on your server and then enter the path to the custom icon, or you can use the Upload Icon Image field to upload the file via HTTP. As with the custom logo, the upload doesn t occur until you click the Save Configuration button.
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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING DRUPAL Preview comment: Requiring that users preview their comments before posting helps avoid errors (the users see what they re about to post) and also to filter out script-generated comments (spam), as the posting process is made more complicated by the added step. On the other hand, it is one more click that you are expecting your users to make before they can add content to your site. I m sure many well-thought-out comments have evaporated into the ether because the author thought that she was finished with the process after clicking Preview. Location of comment submission form: Would you rather have the comment submission form appear below the post or on a separate page? Having it appear on a separate page clutters the content page less but puts one more click between your users and the comment they want to post. Managing the Comment Approval Queue The user permissions page (admin/access) contains two permissions concerning a user s ability to post comments: Post Comments and Post Comments Without Approval. When a user in a role that allows Post Comments but not Post Comments Without Approval creates a comment, it is not immediately visible on the web site. Instead, it has been placed in the comment approval queue. To view the comment approval queue, select administer . comments . approval queue (admin/comment/list/approval). From the list, you can decide to delete comments (if they are inappropriate or otherwise unwanted) or edit them to set their publishing status to Published. Note When a user submits a comment that is destined for the comment approval queue, she is shown this message: Your comment has been queued for moderation by site administrators and will be published after approval. Configuring Themes What your site can do and how it does it is only half the story. Of equal importance and interest is how the site looks. This, in Drupal, is the domain of themes. A theme is a set of files that works together to present your site s content. Drupal, being flexible and modular in its architecture, typically breaks down themes into three layers: engines, templates, and styles. However, you should be aware that Drupal doesn t need any themes to make web sites. All of the functions that generate HTML are defined in the core Drupal files and contributed modules, and are called themable functions. The job of any theme is to apply styles to the HTML and selectively override themable functions if you need to change that HTML. Themes are also responsible for several site features such as the site logo, primary and secondary links, the footer, the mission statement, and so forth. These features can be turned on or off and configured as a part of configuring your theme. Chapter 5 explains how to install, customize, and create themes. Here, you ll learn how to configure themes.
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